Tropical Africa TCN Logo

African Plants Portal

Dataset: All Collections
Taxa: Cola
Search Criteria: excluding cultivated/captive occurrences

Page 4, records 301-400 of 1848

iNaturalist Plant Observation - Research Grade


iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola pachycarpa K. Schum.
81163598Stefaneakame   2021-05-22
Est, Réserve du Dja, Région de l'Est, CM, 3.212099 12.96686

iNaturalist:Research Grade
50823014Carel Jongkind   2012-11-03
Nimba, Nimba, LR, 7.200625 -8.53555

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola buntingii Baker fil.
49929134Ehoarn Bidault   2020-02-23
Gbapolu, Liberia, 7.543928 -10.710823

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola buntingii Baker fil.
55194530Carel Jongkind   2010-01-26
GrandGedeh, Liberia, 5.705167 -8.118264

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola buntingii Baker fil.
54450017Carel Jongkind   2010-01-16
GrandGedeh, Liberia, 5.69418 -8.060274

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola buntingii Baker fil.
99735291Tarik Bodasing   2021-10-27
Gbapolu, Gbapolu, LR, 7.451023 -10.711895

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola caricifolia (G. Don) K. Schum.
49210805Carel Jongkind   2010-01-16
GrandGedeh, Putu, Liberia, 5.65013 -8.151871

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola gigantea A. Chev.
508321Jakob Fahr   2011-08-30
Eastern, Apedwa Forest Reserve, 6.11873 -0.51456

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola gigantea A. Chev.
85356450Anne Laudisoit   2021-06-07
Orientale, Faradje, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 3.917213 29.699912

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola gigantea A. Chev.
34964739ONG SOS Biodiversity   2019-10-18
Littoral, Fifadji-Houto, Cotonou, Bénin, 6.366193 2.464389

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola gigantea A. Chev.
78214996Babajide Agboola   2021-05-08
Ekiti, Ise/Orun, NG-EK, NG, 7.366766 5.381605

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola millenii K. Schum.
19085005Sunday Berlioz KAKPO   2014-03-28
Atlantique, Allada, BJ-AQ, BJ, 6.7167 2.1167

iNaturalist:Research Grade
142353241Bart Wursten   2022-11-09
Sofala, Cheringoma, MZ-SO, MZ, -18.386252 35.274726

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola nigerica Brenan & Keay
9365179olabode_emmanuel   2016-05-17
Ogun, Ogun, NG, 6.872982 4.229722

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
10371961Marco Schmidt   2009-06-16
Haut-Bassins, Houet, Burkina Faso, 11.653276 -4.462449

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
10371959Marco Schmidt   2009-06-17
Haut-Bassins, Houet, Burkina Faso, 11.598669 -4.129435

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
37785801AMADOU BAHLEMAN FARID   2020-01-20
Atakora, Tanguiéta, Bénin, 10.652155 1.264338

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
10371960Marco Schmidt   2009-06-17
Haut-Bassins, Houet, Burkina Faso, 11.549836 -4.111257

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
69551858Leoš Smutný   2013-11-28
Kédougou, Kédougou Region, Senegal, 12.530594 -12.317864

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
37841672Sylvain Piry   2019-12-10
Ziguinchor, Affiniam, Sénégal, 12.65916 -16.3653

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
37379051hmees   2019-11-27
Ghana, Western, Foni Bintang Karenal, Gambia, 13.228 -16.224

iNaturalist:Research Grade
Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R. Br.
55807694Dr Anh Galat-Luong   2004-05-30
Haut-Bassins, Mare aux Hippopotames de Bala, Réserve de Biosphère, Houet, Burkina Faso, 11.559334 -4.155935

iNaturalist:Research Grade
10371934Marco Schmidt   2009-06-17
Haut-Bassins, Houet, Burkina Faso, 11.599106 -4.129999

iNaturalist:Research Grade
70330328Dr Anh Galat-Luong   2004-05-21
Sud-Ouest, Bontioli Forêt classée, Loba, Burkina Faso, 10.924639 -3.149491

iNaturalist:Research Grade
52004627Carel Jongkind   2011-05-12
Nzérékoré, Nzérékoré, GN, 7.969897 -9.189879

iNaturalist:Research Grade
37332941Linda Loffler   2019-12-24
Lubombo, -26.533032 31.918078

iNaturalist:Research Grade
38094510Troos van der Merwe   2020-01-11
Lubombo, -26.593855 31.865061

Missouri Botanical Garden


MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191789R.W. Carroll   15211988-04-20
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Dzanga-Sangha Reserve 20 km E of Bayanga. Mosaic closed canopy primary and logged secondary forest. Prec: 1350 mm, 2.85 16.46666, 434m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191783R.W. Carroll   18911989-02-23
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Dzanga-Sangha Reserve 30 km E of Bayanga. Mosaic closed canopy primary and logged secondary forest. Prec. 1365 mm, 2.83333 16.45, 434m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191743R.W. Carroll   11191988-03-19
Central African Republic, Bai Hokou Gorilla Study Area, 25 km E Bayanga. Depleted forest, exploited in 1981. Soil alluvial. Wildlife Conservation Int'l (NYZS) Gorilla Research Project, 2.86666 16.48333, 35m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193123M. Etuge   2051986-07-10
Cameroon, Southwest, Forest around Burutu and Etam under Tombel., 4.71666 9.55, 150m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193264J.M. Fay   63181984-01-05
Central African Republic, Bamingui-Bangoran, Plants of the Manovo-Gounda-St. Floris National Park. WWF Inter. Elephant Cons. Project. Chutes Matakil, below the falls. Prec. 1200 mm., 8.53333 21.2, 540m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193200J.M. Fay   86701988-10-14
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Ndakan Gorilla Study Area, Dzanga-Sangha. Prec: 1400 mm, 2.35 16.18333, 385m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193186J.M. Fay   83921988-05-28
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Ndakan Gorilla Study Area. Collected along gorilla feeding trail. Prec: 1400 mm M1680, 2.35 16.16666, 380m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193221J.M. Fay   84201988-06-06
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Ndakan Gorilla Study Area, south of C trail and trail S to Livoa. In dense forest and Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest. Prec: 1400 mm, 2.33333 16.15, 380m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192746Alwyn H. Gentry   526691985-11-11
Cameroon, Southwest, 4 km N of River Ilor bridge on Kondotiti-Mundemba road, then 2 km W. (ca. 10 km SE of Kourup N.P.). Transect 1., 5.25 9.1166667, 100m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193615Alwyn H. Gentry   527811985-11-13
Cameroon, Southwest, Trail to Kourup National Park, 2 km W of Kondotiti- Mundemba Road, 4 km N of bridge over Ilor River. Transect 9., 100m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194259Alwyn H. Gentry   622501988-04-27
Tanzania, Pwani, Kisarawe, Pugu Forest Reserve: 25 km SW of Dar- es-Salaam, near Kisarawe. Mature slightly disturbed forest on steep hills., -6.83333 39.08333, 150 - 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194282Alwyn H. Gentry   622581988-04-28
Tanzania, Pwani, Kisarawe, Pugu Forest Reserve: 25 km SW of Dar- es-Salaam, near Kisarawe. Mature slightly disturbed forest on steep TRANSECT 3, -6.83333 39.08333, 150 - 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194325Alwyn H. Gentry   622651988-04-28
Tanzania, Pwani, Kisarawe, Pugu Forest Reserve: 25 km SW of Dar- es-Salaam, near Kisarawe. Mature slightly disturbed forest on steep hills. TRANSECT 4, -6.83333 39.08333, 150 - 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194408Alwyn H. Gentry   623001988-04-29
Tanzania, Pwani, Kisarawe, Pugu Forest Reserve: 25 km SW of Dar- es-Salaam, near Kisarawe. Mature slightly disturbed forest on steep hills. TRANSECT 6, -6.83333 39.08333, 150 - 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194457Alwyn H. Gentry   623131988-04-29
Tanzania, Pwani, Kisarawe, Pugu Forest Reserve: 25 km SW of Dar- es-Salaam, near Kisarawe. Mature slightly disturbed forest on steep hills. TRANSECT 8, -6.83333 39.08333, 150 - 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194549Alwyn H. Gentry   623741988-04-30
Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Kinondoni, Pande Forest Reserve: 25 km NW of Dar es-Salaam. Forest on flat terrain, merging with savannah. TRANSECT 5, -6.66666 39.08333, 80m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194598Alwyn H. Gentry   624011988-05-02
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area, between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 1, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
190996Alwyn H. Gentry   624351988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area, between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 3, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191059Alwyn H. Gentry   624881988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 4, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191103Alwyn H. Gentry   624981988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 5, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191085Alwyn H. Gentry   624951988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 5, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191148Alwyn H. Gentry   625201988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 6, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193790David J. Harris   17741989-02-06
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, 45 km south of Lidjombo, NDAKAN gorilla study area M 100 to M 4000. Lowland forest with Entandrophragma spp, Terminalia superba and Megaphrynium macrostachyum. Precp. 1400 mm., 2.35 16.16666, 350m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193684David J. Harris   19501989-02-28
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, 45 km South of Lidjombo, NDAKAN gorilla study area M 100 to M 5600. Lowland forest with Entandrophragma spp, Megaphrynium macrostachyum and Terminalia superba. Precp. 1400 mm., 2.35 16.16666, 350m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193656David J. Harris   9761988-08-17
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Dzanga-Sangha Reserve. NDAKAN gorilla study area m 100. Lowland forest with Irvingia grandifolia and Cola chlamydantha. Precp. 1400 m., 2.35 16.15, 350m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191592Stephen D. Manning   11761986-12-14
Cameroon, Southwest, Along road from Otu toward Ituoro, approximately 3 km S of Otu., 5.7 8.88333, 80m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191598Stephen D. Manning   11961986-12-15
Cameroon, Southwest, Along road Eyumojock to Ayaoke, Ejagham Forest Reserve, approximately 9 km S of Eyumojock. At or near edge of forest., 5.71666 8.96666, 100m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191933Gordon McPherson   157321992-05-03
Gabon, Estuaire, South of Estuaire du Gabon along Remboué River; British Gas exploration site., 10m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191998Willem Meijer   153411981-03-29
Cameroon, Km 140, Ebolowa-Kribi: forêt atlantique degradeé.

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193287J. Nemba   4101986-11-28
Cameroon, Southwest, Mundemba-Matamani road., 4.88333 8.93333, 150m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191829Z.K. Rulangaranga   1981989-08-22
Tanzania, Pwani, Bagamoyo, Kiono Forest Reserve. Forest., -6.03333 38.78333

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192107Duncan W. Thomas   95501992-11-20
Cameroon, South, Forest west of "Les Mamelles" range. Low-lying forest, locally disturbed by logging., 2.56666 9.9, 70m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192121Duncan W. Thomas   95571992-11-22
Cameroon, South, Forest in the region of Nkoelon village 20 km east of Campo., 2.38333 10.05, 100m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193518Duncan W. Thomas   22851983-07-06
Cameroon, Southwest, Map # NB 32 IV Buea-Douala. South Korup Reserve - lowland rain forest, secondary forest, rocky river banks of Mana River, & oil palms., 4.9166667 8.8333333, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193512Duncan W. Thomas   32061984-02-28
Cameroon, Southwest, In the Korup National Park., 5.05 8.8, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193267Duncan W. Thomas   45331985-03-21
Cameroon, Southwest, Takamanda Forest Reserve, Near Matene., 6.2333333 9.3166667, 170m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192971Duncan W. Thomas   43251985-01-24
Cameroon, Korup National Park. Forest along footpath from Ndian River at PAMOL field 69 and transect P., 5.01666 8.83333, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193779Duncan W. Thomas   56241986-02-16
Cameroon, Southwest, Along transect P, southern end of Korup National Park., 5.1833333 8.85, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193673Duncan W. Thomas   55681986-02-16
Cameroon, Southwest, Along transect P, southern end of Korup National Park., 5.1833333 8.85, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192948Duncan W. Thomas   52391986-01-10
Cameroon, Southwest, Secondary forest near Mekom village, western Bakossi, 8 km east of Konye on Kumba-Mamfe road., 4.95 9.53333, 300m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193344Duncan W. Thomas   54681986-01-00
Cameroon, Southwest, Forest in Korup National., 5.03333 8.83333, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193097Duncan W. Thomas   67051987-02-20
Cameroon, Southwest, Korup National Park Transect "P"., 5.03333 8.8, 60m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193532Duncan W. Thomas   68991987-00-00
Cameroon, Southwest, Korup National Park. Primary rain forest., 5.03333 8.83333, 60m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193181Duncan W. Thomas   76881988-04-08
Cameroon, Southwest, Korup National Park. Forest along the Bake River near Baro village., 5.26666 9.2, 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
1816532M. Sainge   3432000-02-08
Cameroon, Southwest, Ndian. KFDP, south of Korup National Park. Primary lowland forest.

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
100988818Ehoarn Bidault   30942017-03-28
Republic of the Congo, Kouilou, 30 km au nord-est de Hinda, vers le Mont Mfoubou depuis le versan nord., -4.546667 12.333639, 224m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
1872541D. Kenfack   16292002-03-29
Cameroon, Littoral, San-Mar, Ngambe, 8 km W Sahah, transect E13, C1. Rocky forest., 600m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
1872303D. Kenfack   16172002-03-04
Cameroon, Littoral, Nkam, Yingui. Ekem, confluent of Ekem and Ebo, along Somakek Ebo road. Forest., 92m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
1965911J.D. Chapman   40301975-12-04
Nigeria, N.E. State, Muri Division, Mumuye District, Gangota Forest Reserve., 1372 - 1524m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191760David J. Harris   24581990-08-27
Cameroon, Southwest, Korup National Park, WCI research camp study area., 5.26666 9.13333, 250m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191610Stephen D. Manning   14251987-01-17
Cameroon, South, Approximately 1 km N of Kwambo and 5 km W. of Bipindi., 3.08333 10.36666, 120m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191616Stephen D. Manning   14271987-01-17
Cameroon, South, Approximately 1 km N of Kwambo and 5 km W. of Bipindi., 3.08333 10.36666, 120m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191945Gordon McPherson   160911993-01-21
Gabon, Estuaire, North of Libreville 15-18 km on road to Cap Esterais; forest on sand., 0.5 9.36666, 10m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191670F.M. Mbago   8751991-08-22
Tanzania, Tanga, Pangani, Msumbugwe Forest Reserve. 20 km NE of Genda Genda Village. Dry evergreen forest., -5.51666 38.76666, 130m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191459J.J. Dibata   521987-01-15
Gabon, Moyen-Ogooué, 29 km E de Belle Vue. Forêt primaire., -0.58333 10.68333

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191396J.C. Lovett   31071988-02-15
Tanzania, Morogoro, Mvomero, Nguru Mountains. Kanga mountain. Moist forest., -6 37.71666, 380 - 1250m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191777David J. Harris   25281990-09-19
Cameroon, Southwest, 35 km west of Nguti, WCI research study area, Korup National Park., 5.26666 9.13333, 250m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191645Stephen D. Manning   21381987-06-30
Cameroon, Central, On the hill Nkol Nlong approximately 15 km W of Nkol Bisson, Yaoundé. Approximately 1 km S of old Yaoundé-Doula Road., 3.83333 11.35, 700 - 1000m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191067Alwyn H. Gentry   624931988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 5, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
190988Alwyn H. Gentry   624341988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area, between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W of Manyemen. TRANSECT 3, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191345Alwyn H. Gentry   627281988-05-11
Central African Republic, Ndakan: upland forest 3 km E of Sango River. TRANSECT 5, 2.36666 16.15, 400m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191421Alwyn H. Gentry   627731988-05-12
Central African Republic, Ndakan: upland forest 3 km E of Sango River. TRANSECT 7, 2.36666 16.15, 400m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191173Alwyn H. Gentry   625551988-05-03
Cameroon, Southwest, Banyong, Batanga area between Awong and Banyu, ca 15 km W. of Manyemen. TRANSECT 8, 5 9.16666, 420m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191991Willem Meijer   153341981-03-28
Cameroon, Km 20 route d'Elbolowa á Kribi.

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193691David J. Harris   11991988-09-25
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Dzanga-Sangha Reserve. NDAKAN gorilla study area M 300. Secondary forest with Caloncoba welwitschii and Macaranga spp. Precp. 1400 m., 2.35 16.15, 350m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191730R.W. Carroll   15871988-11-29
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Dzanga-Sangha Reserve 20 km E of Bayanga. Mosaic closed canopy primary and logged secondary forest. Prec: 1350 mm, 2.85 16.46666, 434m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
194442Alwyn H. Gentry   623091988-04-29
Tanzania, Pwani, Kisarawe, Pugu Forest Reserve: 25 km SW of Dar- es-Salaam, near Kisarawe. Mature slightly disturbed forest on steep hills. TRANSECT 8, -6.83333 39.08333, 150 - 200m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193854David J. Harris   3741988-03-26
Central African Republic, Sangha Economique, Ndakan, gorilla study area M200. Precp. 1400mm. Lowland forest with Albizia spp, Piptadendiastrum africanum., 2.35 16.15, 350m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193497Duncan W. Thomas   45871985-03-27
Cameroon, Korup National Park, lowland rain forest., 5.01666 8.83333, 50m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
193597Duncan W. Thomas   69241987-00-00
Cameroon, Southwest, Footpath toward Matene from Mbilishe., 6.23333 9.43333, 400m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192964Duncan W. Thomas   70841987-06-00
Cameroon, Southwest, Secondary forest by the bridge over the river, Fabe road, 5 km north of Mundemba Town., 5 8.95, 100m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
192978Duncan W. Thomas   70991987-06-00
Cameroon, Southwest, Secondary forest by the bridge over the river, Fabe road, 5 km north of Mundemba Town., 5 8.95, 100m

MO:Seed Plants
Cola Schott & Endl.
191796David J. Harris   28421991-04-01
Cameroon, Southwest, 35 km west of Nguti, Korup National Park. Path from Ikenge research camp to Baro hammock., 5.26666 9.13333, 250m


Page 4, records 301-400 of 1848


Google Map

Google Maps is a web mapping service provided by Google that features a map that users can pan (by dragging the mouse) and zoom (by using the mouse wheel). Collection points are displayed as colored markers that when clicked on, displays the full information for that collection. When multiple species are queried (separated by semi-colons), different colored markers denote each individual species.

Google Earth (KML)

This creates an KML file that can be opened in the Google Earth mapping application. Note that you must have Google Earth installed on your computer to make use of this option.
Add Extra Fields